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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.409 Sequence sequence - same as above but uses copy of data ObjGraph object graph - graph of objects reachable Unknown unknown - support for AsciiFiler available separately for most systems, ICpak 201 - Graphical User Interface (58 classes, more than 1100 methods) *Object* IntCltn IntOrdCltn PtrCltn PtrOrdCltn TransCltr OpaqCltr *Array* ColorArray ColorMap ShortArray PtrArray RubberLine EventQ CharString Quad RectList DispObject SolidColor DispText DispMedium [****] .... Pattern Cursor EchoBox Font Menu DepMenu AdHocMenu Timer DepObject SharObject available for several platforms, ICpak 301 - GRAPHpak [****] ======================= GNU distributed classes ======================= [****] ===================== Public Domain classes ===================== Random Class (sonata.cc.purdue.edu:/pub/next/oop/classes/Random2.0.tar.Z) - implements its own random number generator, supports Gaussian variables, die rolling, etc. Julian Date (sonata.cc.purdue.edu:/pub/next/oop/classes/Julian1.1.tar.Z) - implements Julian dates, conversions, etc. (NeXTSTEP) [****] ======================== NeXT distributed Classes ======================== + == only in NeXTSTEP Release 3 (may follow kit name for all objects in kit) Root Class ========== Object the root class Common Classes ============== Some classes of general utility, that don't belong to any kit. *Object* Storage object that stores a list of items (various types) List object that stores a list of other objects HashTable key-based storage object StreamTable used for writing sets of data to streams NXStringTable stores a set of strings accessible by key Application Kit (AppKit) ======================== The first kit, used for implementing the framework and user interface of (nearly) every NeXTSTEP application. Provides an engine that handles the event loop, connection to the Window Server, and handles many standard services. Includes classes for user controls, font and color management, a text editor, a dynamic data link system (release 3), inter-application communication, and several standard panels. *Object* Responder abstract class for objects that respond to events Application an application's "engine"; handles event loop & more Window manages an independent drawing area on the screen Panel special subclass of Window Menu manages array of command items that can be picked PopUpList pop-up list of items that can be picked FontPanel std Panel for selecting Fonts PrintPanel std printing Panel:choose printer, resolution, etc PageLayout std page layout Panel SavePanel std save Panel OpenPanel std open Panel NXColorPanel std color-picker Panel NXHelpPanel + std help Panel NXDataLinkPanel + std Panel for managing dynamic data links View manages a drawing area within a Window Control abstract class for UI objects (buttons, etc) NXBrowser hierarchical browser of items (like a filesystem) Matrix manages a group of Cells (eg, a set of radio buttons) Form a Matrix of FormCells (text entry areas with titles) Button your basic push-button doodad TextField displays text or allows the user to edit it Slider slide its knob to change its value Scroller used for scrolling long documents NXColorWell used for representing a color selection Text std object for editing text (ascii or RTF) Box used to group other Views in a box NXSplitView used for a pair of Views that share screen space ScrollView manages relation between a ClipView and Scrollers ClipView used for View that's larger than its onscreen area Cell rubber-stamp class for drawing in a View NXBrowserCell used for the items in an NXBrowser SelectionCell performs some of NXBrowserCell's functionality (obs) ActionCell used with Controls (or a set with a Matrix) FormCell displays a title and a text-entry area in a Form ButtonCell used for drawing Buttons MenuCell used for drawing Menu items TextFieldCell used for drawing text-entry/display areas SliderCell used for drawing a slider bar Pasteboard used for cut/copy/paste and much, much, more NXImage convenient image-drawer; handles much nitty detail NXImageRep abstract class used with NXImage for specific images NXBitmapImageRep NXImageRep for bitmaps (for example, TIFF) NXEPSImageRep NXImageRep for PostScrip images NXCustomImageRep NXImageRep for user-defined images NXCachedImageRep NXImageRep for already-rendered images NXDataLink + represents a dynamic data link in a document NXDataLinkManager + manages all the data links in a document NXSelection + represents the linked data in a source document NXCursor std object for displaying various cursors Font object representing a PostScript font FontManager manages the Fonts in an application NXColorPicker + for creating a custom color picker in the color Panel NXColorList + manages a list of named colors (eg, Pantone(R)) PrintInfo contains information about a print job NXSpellChecker + used to access spell-checking services NXSpellServer + allows 3rd party to provide a custom spell-checker Speaker sends inter-application messages Listener receives inter-application messages NXJournaler records and plays back events and sounds Video Class +(was in AppKit for Release 2) =========== Displays video input to a NeXTdimension board on screen. *Object* NXLiveVideoView displays video input to a NeXTdimension board Sound Kit ========= The Sound Kit is a set of classes for managing sound in a NeXTSTEP application. *Object* Sound represents a single sound *Responder* *View* SoundView used to display and edit sounds SoundMeter used to indicate sound volume as it plays NXSoundStream + abstract class; manages a stream of sound data NXPlayStream + plays sound data on an NXSoundOut object NXRecordStream + records sound data from an NXSoundIn object NXSoundDevice + abstract class; represents a device (mic, speaker) NXSoundIn + represents sound input devices (microphones) NXSoundOut + represents sound output devices (speakers etc) Music Kit # (no longer maintained by NeXT) ========================================== A large kit for music synthesis. <<Should be available by ftp from CCRMA>> (ccrma-ftp.stanford.edu:pub/???) *Object* Note stores information about a musical event Envelope control musical attributes of Notes Part ordered set of Notes than can be performed Score set of Parts that make up a musical piece ScorePerformer plays each Part in a Score ScoreRecorder records a Score, Part by Part and Note by Note Orchestra manages a DSP to synthesize music Conductor controls the timing of a group of objects Instrument manages Notes in a performance SynthInstrument synthesizes its Notes on the DSP PartRecorder copies its notes onto a Part object FileWriter writes its notes to a file on disk NoteFilter modifies Notes and passes them on to other objects Performer abstract class; sends a sequence of notes in time FilePerformer performs music data from a file or stream ScorefilePerformer performs music data from a scorefile PartPerformer performs the Notes in a Part NoteReceiver used by Instruments to realize Notes from Performers NoteSender used by Performers to realize Notes on Instruments TuningSystem represents a musical tuning system SynthData represents DSP memory used in music synthesis Midi provides and ObjC interfact to the MIDI driver WaveTable represents a period of sound as a series of samples Samples builds WaveTable of recorded samples Partials builds WaveTable from sine wave components PatchTemplate used as part of a SynthPatch SynthPatch abstract class; represents a sound sythesis module Pluck synthesizes the sound of a plucked string Wave1 WaveTable synthesis; 1 table Wave1v WaveTable synth; 1 table with vibrato Wave1i WaveTable synth; 1 table with freq interpolation Wave1vi WaveTable synth; 1 table with both DBWave1v WaveTable synth; 1 table with vibrato DBWave1i WaveTable synth; 1 table with interpolation DBWave2vi WaveTable synth; 2 tables with both Fm1 Freq modulation synth; simple fm Fm1i Freq mod synth; simple fm with freq interpolation Fm1v Freq mod synth; simple fm with vibrato Fm1vi Freq mod synth; simple fm with both Fm2cvi Freq mod synth; Cascade fm Fm2cnvi Freq mod synth; Cascade fm with random mod. (noise) Fm2pvi Freq mod synth; Parallel fm Fm2pnvi Freq mod synth; Parallel fm with noise UnitGenerator abstract class; building blocks of DSP synthesis Add2UG Various types of UnitGenerators AllPass1UG ... AsympUG ConstantUG DelayUG DswitchtUG DswitchUG InterpUG Mul1add2UG Mul2UG OnepoleUG OnezeroUG OscgafUG OscgafiUG UscgUG Out1aUG Out1bUG Out2sumUG ScaleUG Scl1add2UG Scl2add2UG SnoiseUG UnoiseUG Database Kit (DBKit) + ====================== Manages connections to entity-relationship database servers. The Database kit includes these services: communication with client-server databases, modeling properties (attributes and relationships) of each database, record management and buffering, data flow between record managers and the application user interface, and user interface objects for display and editing. *Object* DBDatabase represents a connection to a database server DBExpression encapsulates a database expression as an object DBQualifier represents cond. records must satisfy to be selected DBValue stores a value of an arbitrary type DBBinder connects database items to ObjC objects DBModule maps database model entities to application objects DBRecordStream represents a sequence of fetched database records DBRecordList supports random access to a seq. of records DBFetchGroup manages DBRecordList data with UI presentation DBAssocation associates a property with a destination object *Responder* *View* *Control* DBImageView displays an NXImage object in a frame *ScrollView* DBTableView spreadsheet-like view for modifying tables of data DBTableVector represents a field in a DBTableView DBFormatter abstract class for formatting data DBTextFormatter quickly formats read-only text data DBEditableFormatter formats editable text data DBImageFormatter formats, scales, and aligns image data Indexing Kit (IXKit) + ====================== The Indexing Kit is a set of programmatic tools for managing data, especially the large amounts of data characteristic of information-intensive applications. Much as the Application Kit provides a framework for a graphical interface, the Indexing Kit provides a framework for data management. *Object* IXStore relocatable storage allocator/manager IXStoreFile disk-based IXStore IXStoreBlock "wrapper" for a single block of storage in an IXStore IXStoreDirectory allows access to objects in an IXStore by name IXBTree associative (key-based) access to data in an IXStore IXBTreeCursor a pointer to an item in an IXBTree IXPostingCursor cursor that assumes data is sets of postings (below) IXRecordManager manages large indexed collections of data IXPostingSet manages a set of postings (refs to indexed records) *List* IXPostingList lazily retrieves objects from postings IXFileFinder indexes and finds files with a general query language IXFileRecord represents a file in the filesystem IXAttributeParser parses text into lists of tokens IXAttributeReader breaks text into tokens IXLanguageReader abstract class; for tokenizing a specific language IXWeightingDomain represents frequency information about a set of text IXAttributeQuery processes a query against a conforming object Mach Kit + ========== The Mach Kit provides a number of classes for convenient use of Mach mutexes, and a number of classes used by the Distributed Objects facility. *Object* NXData wrapper for (void *) data NXLock object-oriented mutex lock NXConditionLock as above, but waits on a condition NXRecursiveLock as above, but same thread can acquire multiple times NXSpinLock as above, for use with short critical sections NXProtocolChecker restricts messaging access to remote objects NXInvalidationNotifier notifies clients when a connection breaks NXPort wrapper for a Mach port NXNetNameServer provides ObjC interface to NeXT's NetNameServer Distributed Objects Facility + ============================== The Distributed Objects facility allows a process to send messages to objects in the address space of a different process. For all practical purposes, the remote object exists in the sending process. Nearly any message can be sent, and many data types, including other objects can be sent and received "across the wire." NXProxy a "root" class that represents a remote object *Object* NXConnection manages a connection between remote objects Phone Kit + =========== The Phone Kit offers an easy way for a developer to connect an application to a telephone line, to initiate and receive calls over the line, and to transmit and receive data during a call. The phone line must be attached to the user's computer, or to a computer on the user's network, through a Hayes ISDN Extender(R) or an equivalent device. *Object* NXPhone represents a phone line connected to the computer NXPhoneCall represents/manages a connection over a phone line NXPhoneChannel represents a channel within a connection 3D Graphics Kit (3DKit) + ========================= The 3D Kit uses RenderMan to create 3D scenes, much as the Application Kit uses the PostScript language to draw 2D graphics. It also provides for animation and real-time manipulation of rendered scenes. *Object* *NXImageRep* N3DRIBImageRep NXImageRep for RenderMan RIB data *Responder* *Window* *Panel* N3DRenderPanel std Panel for selecting hosts to render scene on *View* N3DCamera renders a single 3D scene N3DMovieCamera rederes a sequence of 3D scenes, providing animation N3DShape abstract class representing a single 3D "object" N3DLight represents a source of light in a scene N3DShader handles surface shading/texturing/coloring N3DRotator rotates/moves a 3D scene in various ways N3DContextManager manages rendering contexts for an application NetInfo Kit (NIKit) + ===================== These are all standard panels for accessing NetInfo information. Strangely, most aren't subclasses of Panel. *Object* NIDomain represents a NetInfo domain NIDomainPanel std panel for selecting a NetInfo domain NIOpenPanel std panel for opening an item in a domain NISavePanel std panel for saving info for a domain *Responder* *Window* *Panel* NILoginPanel used, for example, to authorize root access to run an app Interface Builder Applicaton Classes (IB Classes) + =================================================== These classes allow developers to expand the functionality of the Interface Builder application, creating their own palettes of objects that can be dragged into an interface, and inspectors to set and view the attributes of those objects. *Object* IBInspector defines a custom Interface Builder inspector IBPalette connects a loadable palette to Interface Builder Preferences Application Classes + ================================= These classes allow developers to add their own modules to the Preferences application. *Object* Layout represents a Preferences module's layout view Workspace Manager Application Classes + ======================================= These classes allow developers to add their own file contents inspectors to the Workspace Manager application. *Object* WMInspector represents a Workspace contents inspector ============================== NeXT 3rd Party Class Libraries ============================== [many others - NeXT now publishes an _Object Works_ Catalogue, which tells of available classes] BarCodeKit - an object library for creating bar codes in PostScript and TIFF formats. (Hot Software, (617) 252-0088, info@hot.com) SerialPortKit - generic serial port object, modem object, specific bar code readers, magnetic stripe card readers and other serial devices. (Hot Software, (617) 252 0088, info@hot.com) GeoKit - objects that perform map rendering (Deltos Fleet Computing, (214) 540-2301) ChooserPalette - a selection list manager (Objective Technologies, (212) 227 6767) GraphPalette - tools for graphing data in custom apps (Objective Technologies, (212) 227 6767) MathPalette - tools for interfacing with Mathmatica (Objective Technologies, (212) 227 6767) SmartFieldPalette - supplies data input fields that restrict and format input, report errors, and notify the user of field content (Objective Technologies, (212) 227 6767) Serial Solutions from BenaTong - Object wrappers for the UNIX ioctls, Modem support and MagCard/BarCode reader support. (BenaTong (614) 276-7850 benatong@count0.cmhnet.org) -------------- This compendium is doomed to always be incomplete. If you would like to add something to it that was left off, you can either contact me directly (shirley@fdr.jsc.nasa.gov, Bill Shirley) or post to the group comp.lang.objective-c. Contacting me directly will have better chances of me making the change. Again, thanks to all those who have helped, informed, and given feedback. -- Bill Shirley shirley@fdr.jsc.nasa.gov -- ``One lonesome body, Bill Shirley one lonesome song. shirley@fdr.jsc.nasa.gov No lonesome body, no lonesome song.'' - throwing muses Xref: bloom-picayune.mit.edu comp.lang.objective-c:1010 news.answers:4553 Path: bloom-picayune.mit.edu!enterpoop.mit.edu!spool.mu.edu!olivea!sun-barr!cs.utexas.edu!bcm!aio!fdr!shirley From: shirley@fdr.uucp (Bill Shirley [CSC]) Newsgroups: comp.lang.objective-c,news.answers Subject: Objective-C Frequently Asked Questions Summary: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions asked about the Objective-C programming language, an Object Oriented extension to the C. Please read this before posting to comp.lang.objective-c. Message-ID: <objc_724237201@fdr.jsc.nasa.edu> Date: 13 Dec 92 09:00:31 GMT Expires: 26 Jan 1993 09:00:01 GMT Sender: news@aio.jsc.nasa.gov (USENET News System) Followup-To: comp.lang.objective-c Organization: nasa-jsc Lines: 331 Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu Supersedes: <objc_721077644@fdr.jsc.nasa.edu> Archive-name: Objective-C/faq Last-modified: 1992/10/09 Version: 1.0 Answers to FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS concerning Objective-C Clarification: I have used the word `ObjC' for `Objective-C', the proper and official name for the language discussed within, throughout this file. Is is simply a time and space saver. Questions & Answers ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Q1. What is Objective-C? A1. An object oriented (OO) computer language based on the C language and influenced by SmallTalk. It was designed by The Stepstone Corp. (and is a Trademark of Stepstone) and includes many of the OO things that make Smalltalk the "language to learn OOP with", and many of the great things about C that make it highly portable and very optimizable. It is NOT C++. Q2. Who makes an Objective-C compiler, what does it cost, how do I order? A2.1 The Stepstone Corporation (203) 426-1875 - (800) BUY-OBJEct voice / (203) 270-0106 fax 75 Glen Road Sandy Hook, CT 06482 compilers and runtime IBM RISC System/6000 w/ AIX Sun 3, 4, SPARCstations w/ SunOS HP9000/300,400,700,800 w/ HP-UX DEC Stations w/ ULTRIX Data General AViiON w/ DG/UX SCO UNIX SYS V PS/2 w/ AIX or OS/2 PC-AT w/ MS-DOS VAX w/ VMS MIPS NeXT Macs with MPW (Mac Programmers Workshop) class libraries available for a subset of the above A2.2 NeXT, Inc. Comes bundled with the extended OS release. (NeXTSTEP 3.0 - $295 on CD ROM) shipped Sept 92 (NeXTSTEP '486 - $995) intended Q4 92 A2.3 GNU Project Freely available GNU Experimental Tape GCC 2 (the GNU C/C++/ObjC Compiler with many new features - doesn't include runtime - yet) prep.ai.mit.edu (18.71.0.38) pub/gnu/gcc-2.0.tar.Z (See sites at end of file) Q3. Does GNU's gcc `do' Objective-C? A3. Didn't you read the above answer: It does as of release 2.0, but does not initially include the runtime system required to use ObjC. A runtime has been completed and donated to the project. It is currently (Sept 92) undergoing testing and some rewriting. Reports are: On the NeXT, which has a runtime system, programs compiled with gcc 2.0 (as available on the net) run when linked to NeXT's runtime library. A runtime has been completed and donated to the project. It is currently (Sept 92) undergoing testing and some rewriting. A group has formed to help develop a library of Objective-C classes to be distributed freely by the GNU project. Q4. What books concerning Objective-C are available? A4.1 Object Oriented Programming: An Evolutionary Approach Author: Brad J. Cox (, Andrew J. Novobilski second edition) Publisher: Addison-Wesley ISBN#: 0-201-10393-1 August, 1986 ISBN#: 0-201-54834-8 1991 two editions A4.2 Objective-C: Object Oriented Programming Techniques Authors: Lewis J. Pinson, Richard S. Wiener Publisher: Addison-Wesley, 1991 ISBN#: 0-201-50828-1 Abstract: Includes many examples, discusses both Stepstone's and NeXT's versions of Objective-C, and the (minor) differences between the two. A4.3 An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Author: Timothy Budd Publisher: Addison-Wesley ISBN#: 0-201-54709-0 Abstract: An intro to the topic of OOP, as well as a comparison of C++, Objective-C, Smalltalk, and Object Pascal A4.4 NeXTSTEP Programming Step 1: Object-oriented applications Availablility: Fall, 1992 Authors: Simson L. Garfinkel, Michael K. Mahoney Publisher: Springer-Verlag, 1992 (800)SPR-INGE Abstract: It's updated to discuss NeXTSTEP 3.0 features (Project Builder, new development environment) but doesn't discuss 3DKit or DBKit Q5. What is the difference between Objective-C and C? A5. ObjC is a superset of the ANSI C standard. It is an object oriented language that has extensions similar to Smalltalk applied to C. It includes a few more key words and constructs. New Keywords: @interface @implementation @public @selector Constructs: [instance method: param]; <- sending a message to an instance Types: id - basically a generic pointer to an object [****************] Q6. What is the difference between Objective C and C++? A6. C++ has operator overloading, ObjC doesn't. Some consider this to be 'syntactic sugar', and it is, but it can be a quite handy bit of syntactic sugar. C++ has multiple inheritance, ObjC doesn't. There is much debate over the desirability and value of this. There are several ways to 'get around' this in ObjC. The run-time binding mechanism differ quite a bit in their functionality. (Details?? [***]) Q7. What is the difference between NeXT's, Stepstone's and GNU's versions of Objective C? A7. NeXT has defined and distributed its own class libraries, which are very integral to the NeXTstep environment. NeXT also extended Stepstones definition of the language to include new constructs, such as protocols, which are touted to deal with some aspects of multiple inheritance. NeXT's implementation does *not* support static binding, Stepstone's does, and GNU's (does?/doesn't?). Stepstone has a standard set of class libraries that work across all supported machines. GNU gcc (C/C++/ObjC) does not have a runtime system for resolving message passing, or include any classes. (yet) The Object (root) class of NeXT's and Stepstone's are slightly different; there are several Object methods and runtime C functions that are not part of Stepstone's. NeXT (and GNU?) supports Categories, Stepstone doesn't. NeXT has a native language debugger, Stepstone and GNU don't. NeXT (3.0) supports Protocols and forward declarations of classes, Stepstone (does/n't?), GNU (does/n't?). [****************] Q8. What are some of the common problems of the language and how can I work around them? (forward declarations of classes, class variables) A8.1 There is no innate multiple inheritance (of course some see this as a benefit). To get around it you can create a compound class ( a class with instance variables that are /id/s of other objects. They can specifically redirect messages to any combination of the objects they are compounded of. (It isn't *that* much of a hassle and you have direct control over the inheritance logistics) Protocols address this to some extent. [***] [** how does Delegation fit in here? **] A8.2 ObjC has no class variables. You can get around this by defining a static variable in the .m file, and defining access methods for it. This is actually a more desirable way of designing a class hierarchy, because it allows subclasses shouldn't access superclass storage (this would cause the subclass to break if the superclass was reimplemented), and allows the subclass to override the storage (if the classes access all their own variables via methods) A8.3 problem X [****************] Q9. What class libraries are available for Objective C? A9. See the related FAQ file - _Objective C - a matter of Class_